Higher sensitivity towards light stress and ocean acidification in an Arctic sea‐ice‐associated diatom compared to a pelagic diatom

Thalassiosira hyalina and Nitzschia frigida are important members of Arctic pelagic and sympagic (sea-ice-associated) diatom communities. We investigated the effects of light stress (shift from 20 to 380 μmol photons m 2 s , resembling upwelling or ice break-up) under contemporary and future pCO2 (400 vs 1000 μatm). The responses in growth, elemental composition, pigmentation and photophysiology were followed over 120 h and are discussed together with underlying gene expression patterns. Stress response and subsequent re-acclimation were efficiently facilitated by T. hyalina, which showed only moderate changes in photophysiology and elemental composition, and thrived under high light after 120 h. In N. frigida, photochemical damage and oxidative stress appeared to outweigh cellular defenses, causing dysfunctional photophysiology and reduced growth. pCO2 alone did not specifically influence gene expression, but amplified the transcriptomic reactions to light stress, indicating that pCO2 affects metabolic equilibria rather than sensitive genes. Large differences in acclimation capacities towards high light and high pCO2 between T. hyalina and N. frigida indicate species-specific mechanisms in coping with the two stressors, which may reflect their respective ecological niches. This could potentially alter the balance between sympagic and pelagic primary production in a future Arctic.


Introduction
The Arctic Ocean is changing in many respects, with declining sea ice cover and increasing pCO 2 being among the most rapidly changing factors (IPCC, 2014). Irradiance levels in the upper mixed layer are expected to increase due to increased thermal stratification, declining snow cover, earlier melt onset accompanied by formation of melt ponds, and reduced summer sea-ice extent (Screen & Simmonds, 2010;Nicolaus et al., 2012;Tremblay et al., 2015). In addition, ocean acidification (OA) is most pronounced in the Arctic because CO 2 solubility increases at low temperatures, and the low total alkalinity makes the system sensitive to anthropogenic CO 2 loading (Yamamoto-Kawai et al., 2009;AMAP, 2018). These two factors, namely irradiance regimes and pCO 2 levels, may not only affect the physiological performance, but also competitiveness and nutritional value of microalgae (Rost et al., 2008;Kroeker et al., 2013;Gao & Campbell, 2014;McMinn, 2017).
To cope with instantaneous high light stress, diatoms utilize diverse mechanisms involving short-and long-term physiological changes. Short-term changes involve increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of excitation energy, facilitated by the deand re-epoxidation of the xanthophylls diadinoxanthin (DD) and diatoxanthin (DT). These pigments thermally dissipate excess excitation energy (Lavaud & Goss, 2014) and decrease overall stress derived from electron pressure and reactive oxygen species. Over longer time scales, diatoms alter pigment composition, typically increasing pigments related to photoprotection while decreasing those related to light harvesting (Brunet et al., 2011). Studies have shown, however, that responses to changing light intensities can be modulated by high pCO 2 (Rost et al., 2006;Li & Campbell, 2013;Hoppe et al., 2015), which is often attributed to carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that elevate CO 2 concentrations around Rubisco under current, potentially limiting conditions (Giordano et al., 2005). The expected increase in oceanic pCO 2 may cause a downregulation in the CCM activity of diatoms due to increased diffusive CO 2 uptake, or decreased leakage as a result of a smaller outward CO 2 gradient (Trimborn et al., 2009). Because CCMs are energetically expensive (Hopkinson et al., 2011;Raven et al., 2014), this may allow for optimization of their energy allocation potentially increasing carbon fixation (Van der Waal et al., 2019). Other studies indicate that the sensitivity of diatoms to high light stress increases under OA (Gao et al., 2012;Hoppe et al., 2015). These findings emphasize large inter-and intraspecific differences in CO 2 sensitivities, but also the potential for the interactive nature of CO 2 and light effects (Rost et al., 2008;McCarthy et al., 2012;Wolf et al., 2018). Hence, major alterations in bloom timing and the composition of algal assemblages can be expected as a result of ongoing environmental changes. One of the major open questions remains, however, whether potential differences in phenotypic plasticity of species may lead to shifts in the relative importance of primary production derived from pelagic vs sympagic (sea-ice-associated) algae in the future Arctic ocean.
Both the pelagic and the sympagic ecosystems host diverse and distinct microalgal communities, which exhibit specific adaptations to their respective habitats with contrasting physico-chemical qualities (Poulin et al., 2011). Arctic pelagic communities are typically exposed to strong and rapid fluctuations in light regimes due to wind-driven overturning (MacIntyre et al., 2000) and attenuation by sediment loading from riverine as well as glacial runoff (Hasholt et al., 2006). Yet, the regimes of temperature, salinity and carbonate chemistry are comparably stable. Hence, we hypothesized that pelagic algae are highly resilient towards photophysiological stress, while being responsive to OA. Within sea-ice, light intensities are extremely low, and fluctuations therein are small and typically change slowly as snow and ice melt (Hill et al., 2018). However, sympagic ice-algal communities need to tolerate subzero temperatures, sustain net growth under such low irradiances (Hancke et al., 2018), and tolerate high salinities and extremely variable nutrient levels as well as distorted carbonate chemistry (Weeks & Ackley, 1986;McMinn et al., 2014;Hill et al., 2018). Despite the extreme physico-chemical properties of this habitat, ice-algae are widespread and often thrive remarkably well as both their productivity and biomass can reach very high levels in spring (Aletsee & Jahnke, 1992;Gradinger, 2009). Hence, we hypothesized that ice-algae can cope less well with instantaneous light stress, but exhibit high physiological plasticity to changing pH/CO 2 regimes under OA.
To investigate the responses of pelagic and sympagic diatoms, the common species Thalassiosira hyalina (Hegseth & Sundfjord, 2008) and Nitzschia frigida (Syvertsen, 1991;Leu et al., 2015) were acclimated to low light (20 µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) and then exposed to a high light scenario (380 µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) that resembled upwelling, ice break-up or meltpond formation (Light et al., 2015;Alou-Font et al., 2016). This was done under contemporary and future pCO 2 (400 vs 1000 µatm), so that the effects of high light and OA can be investigated in isolation and combination. We followed the phenomenological and physiological reactions over a time course of several days and assessed the accompanying gene expression patterns to explore the underlying mechanisms that determine these species' performances in a changing Arctic.

Culture conditions and experimental set-up
Dilute batch cultures of T. hyalina (Grunow) Gran 1897 and N. frigida Grunow 1880 were grown in 1 liter borosilicate bottles in 0.2 µm sterile-filtered Arctic seawater enriched with trace metals and vitamins according to f/2 media (Guillard & Ryther, 1962). Nitrate, phosphate and silicate were added in concentrations of 100, 25 and 60 µmol l À1 , respectively. Thalassiosira hyalina cultures were diluted every 2-4 d (yielding 500-6000 cells ml À1 ), while N. frigida was diluted every 3-5 d (yielding 1000-10 000 cells ml À1 ) to minimize cellular shading, nutrient limitation and biomass-dependent changes in carbonate chemistry. Cells were grown under constant low light (LL; c. 20 µmol photons m À2 s À1 ), provided by daylight lamps (Biolux T8, 6500K; Osram, M€ unchen, Germany) and at two different CO 2 partial pressures (pCO 2 ; 400 vs 1000 µatm). Cultures were acclimated to these conditions for > 8 generations, before cells were exposed to high light (HL; c. 380 µmol photons m À2 s À1 ). Irradiance was measured in cell-free culture bottles using a ULM-500 data logger (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) equipped with a 4p sensor (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany). Bottles were placed in well-mixed aquaria with continuous temperature surveillance (Almemo 2890; Ahlborn, Holzkirchen, Germany) to ensure temperature stability (2.3 AE 0.3 and 2.8 AE 0.4°C for LL and HL, respectively). After the cells were exposed to HL, the immediate and the acclimation responses (after 5-7 d) were measured for each species. Growth rates, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON) quotas as well as pigment composition were determined in four biological replicates per treatment, with the exception of N. frigida in HL, where three replicates were taken. Fluorescence-based photosynthesis measurements were conducted in biological triplicates.

Carbonate chemistry
Target pCO 2 was established by aerating the bottles with humidified air containing 400 and 1000 µatm CO 2 , respectively, delivered through 0.2 µm sterile filters (Midisart 2000; Sartorius Stedim, G€ ottingen, Germany). Gas mixtures were generated by a gas mixing system as described by Hoppe et al. (2015). The stability of carbonate chemistry was ensured by daily pH measurements (NBS scale; Aquatrode plus Pt1000; Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland). Samples of total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were taken from each replicate as well as cellfree control bottles. TA samples were filtered (GF/F; Whatman, Maidstone, UK) and stored at c. 4°C until analysis. TA was measured by titration (Dickson, 1981) using a TitroLine burette (Schott Instruments, Mainz, Germany). DIC samples were filtered (0.2 µm cellulose-acetate syringe filters; Sartorius Stedim Biotech) and stored head-space free in 5 ml gas-tight borosilicate bottles at c. 4°C. DIC was determined using a QuaAAtro autoanalyzer (Seal Analytical, Norderstedt, Germany) following the method of Stoll et al. (2001)

New Phytologist
Growth, size and production rates Cell concentrations were determined daily using a Multisizer III (Beckman-Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). To disrupt N. frigida chains, the cultures were shaken at 1500 rpm for 15 s (Precellys Evolution; Bertin, Bretinneux, France). Microscopy (Axio Observer.D1; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) showed only single, intact cells after shaking. Specific growth rates (l) were calculated by exponentially fitting the cell numbers over several days. Size was determined via light microscopy and Coulter Counter. For POC and PON quotas, cells were filtered onto precombusted (15 h, 500°C) glass fiber filters (GF/F; Whatman) and stored at À20°C until further processing. Filters were soaked with 200 µl 0.2 mol l À1 HCl to remove residual inorganic carbon before measurements (EuroVector EA, EuroVector, Milan, Italy). POC production rates were calculated by multiplying the POC quota with the specific growth rate of the respective incubation.

Pigment composition
Samples were collected on GF/F filters (Whatman), flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at À80°C until analysis. Filters were extracted for 24 h in a Teflon-lined tube with 1.6 ml 95% methanol, and then refiltered through 0.45 µm filters (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), before the final extract was submitted to HPLC analysis. Pigment analyses followed Rodriguez et al. (2006) using an HP1100 HPLC system (Hewlett-Packard, Ramsey, MN, USA). The identification of pigments was based on retention times, pigment spectra obtained with a diode array OD detector and commercially available pigment standards (Rodriguez et al., 2006).

Chla variable fluorescence
Chl a variable fluorescence was measured using a Fast Ocean FRR fluorometer combined with a FastAct system (Chelsea Technologies, West Molesey, UK). Constant water pumping from the aquaria through the FastAct chamber prevented thermal change during measurements. Samples of T. hyalina and N. frigida were dark-acclimated inside the FastAct for 10 min before being exposed to a weak measuring light to record initial fluorescence (F 0 ). Saturation flashlets (blue LED color; 450 nm) were applied to saturate photosystem II (PSII) in order to determine maximal fluorescence (F m ) and the absorption cross section of PSII (r PSII ; nm 2 PSII À1 ), followed by a sequence of relaxation flashlets (Oxborough et al., 2012). Details on assay settings are given in Supporting Information Table S1. To record photosynthesis vs irradiance (PE) curves, the FastAct provided 10 9 3 min levels of white photosynthetically active radiation ranging from 0 to 1507 µmol photons m À2 s À1 . Following these actinic light periods, minimum (F 0 0 ) and maximum (F m 0 ) fluorescence in light-acclimated cells was determined and electron transfer rates through PSII cell À1 (ETR (fmol e À per cell h À1 )) were calculated as (Hughes et al., 2018): From the generated PE curves, the light utilization coefficient (a (fmol e À per cell h À1 (µmol photons m À2 s 1 ) À1 ) and the maximum photosynthetic rate (ETR max (fmol e À per cell s À1 )) were derived by nonlinear regression using the model of Eilers & Peeters (1988). The light acclimation index E k was then calculated as ETR max /a. The quantum yield of regulated (Y(NPQ)) and nonregulated NPQ (Y(NO)) of Chla fluorescence was calculated at 1000 µmol photons m À2 s À1 according to Klughammer & Schreiber (2008): The carbonate system was calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH, salinity (32.7), temperature (3°C), phosphate (6.3 µmol kg À1 ) and silicate (100 kg À1 ) using the CO 2 SYS program (Pierrot et al., 2006). In addition, samples of total alkalinity (TA) were taken from each replicate. Four control bottles that contained sterile medium were aerated with pCO 2 of 400 and 1000 µatm and sampled at the same time as Thalassiosira hyalina and Nitzschia frigida. *, n = 3; mean AE 1 SD.

Statistical analysis
All data presented are means of three or four replicates AE SD. To test whether HL exposure significantly affected algal photophysiology (F v /F m , r PSII , Y(NPQ), Y(NO), a, ETR and E k ) or pigment quotas at different time points, one-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA with subsequent normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk) and post-hoc tests (Bonferroni t-test) were performed (Table S2). Two-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests (Holm-Sidak) were used to evaluate responses in POC and PON quotas, POC production, size fractions and growth rates (Table S3), as well as the responses to high and low pCO 2 in LL-and HL-acclimated cells (Table S4). Statistical analyses were performed using the program SIGMAPLOT (SysStat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). Responses were deemed significant at P ≤ 0.05.

Differential gene expression analyses
A detailed description of the materials and methods used in the differential gene expression (DGE) analyses can be taken from Methods S1 and Notes S1. In brief, 1 µg of RNA was used to prepare a cDNA library (TruSeq HT paired end kit, Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) that was sequenced in a High Output FlowCell V2 (Illumina) using a NextSeq 500 sequencer (Illumina). Trimmed raw data are accessible at www.ebi.ac.uk under accession no. E-MTAB-6999. Quality checks (FASTQC; Andrew, 2010; Table S5) showed that < 7% of the runs yielded low read numbers. Because replication was sufficiently high, these samples could be excluded from further analyses without disabling statistical evaluation (Table S5). Sequences of adapters and the Illumina spike-in 'PhiX' as well as remaining rRNA sequences were removed (BBTOOLS; Bushnell, 2015; SORTMERNA; Kopylova et al., 2012) before a final quality trimming was performed (BBTOOLS; Bushnell, 2015). Sequences were then normalized (Bushnell, 2015) and de novo assembled (TRINITY; Grabherr et al., 2011), yielding 43 554 or 52 411 putative transcripts for T. hyalina and N. frigida, respectively (Table S6; https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.3361258, BLASTX annotation; Table S8).
Genomics Workbench 10 (CLC Biosciences, Aarhus, Denmark) was used for DGE analyses. Reads were mapped to the transcripts, and read counts were tested for statistically significant regulation patterns. Lastly, the significance estimates of DGE patterns were corrected for the statistical false discovery rate (FDR; Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). To visualize and better compare expression patterns further, total read counts were normalized to intrasample sequencing depth, yielding the reads per kilobase per million mapped nucleotides (RPKM; Mortazavi et al., 2008). To account for different sequencing depths between samples, a TMM-Normalization (Robinson & Oshlack, 2010) was implemented. To isolate DGE patterns and yield a manageable size, the complete expression datasets (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenod o.3523305) of 43 554 or 52 411 transcripts of T. hyalina and N. frigida were reduced. To this end, we subtracted irrelevant transcripts to retain only those transcripts that were significantly regulated and of interest. Specifically, we retained transcripts that exhibited significant regulation (FDR-corrected P ≤ 0.05) and an average RPKM-based fold-change value ≥ 2.5 between the initial (0 h) and the first time point (2 h) in any of the pCO 2 levels. In addition, we retained transcripts that had an average RPKMbased fold-change value of ≥ 2.5 between 2 and 24 h in any of the pCO 2 levels, because re-acclimation occurred between these time points. Lastly, transcripts were retained that were highly expressed throughout the datasets, that is having mean RPKM expression levels ≥ 150 across both pCO 2 levels. These retained transcripts (9084 and 9976 for T. hyalina and N. frigida, respectively) were then annotated using BLASTX (Altschul et al., 1990) and the NCBI RefSeq database (October 2017). The two best hits for every transcript were concatenated to the expression data, yielding DGE datasets of 5954 and 6143 transcripts of interest including their best-and second-best annotation (Table S7).
To assess possible OA modulation of the observed HL responses, datasets were first examined towards transcripts that experienced a synonymous unidirectional regulation in both pCO 2 levels (i.e. transcripts that experienced either a HL-dependent up-or downregulation throughout the time course). For those transcripts that reacted synonymously to the HL treatment, the pCO 2 -related intensity change of the HL response in every time step was calculated by dividing the respective fold-changes from the time course.

Results
Results of the HL exposure time course are reported separately for T. hyalina and N. frigida by comparing parameters between different time-points in cells grown at 400 µatm. After that, the effect of pCO 2 on the HL response in both species is described. Regarding DGE, the obtained reduced datasets were subjected to a clustering approach using Euclidean distances (Fig. S1). Clustering showed that besides having transcripts that were not differentially patterned, the dataset contained mostly transcripts that experienced a coherent down-or upregulation followed by a reversion to near-baseline expression in both pCO 2 levels. Expression data with statistical significance tests, as well as functional classification of genes, are presented in Table S7.

HL responses in T. hyalina
During the first 12 h of HL exposure, the maximum dark-acclimated PSII quantum yield (F v /F m ; Fig. 1a; Table S2) decreased in T. hyalina from initially 0.60 AE 0.01 under LL to 0.32 AE 0.02. Thereafter, F v /F m increased again and, after 72 h, stabilized at a significantly lower level compared to LL (0.41 AE 0.03). The absorption cross-section of PSII (r PSII ) increased rapidly during the first 15 min of HL exposure (from 3.4 AE 0.1 to 3.9 AE 0.1 nm 2 PSII À1 ), followed by a gradual decrease over the next 48 h, after which it reached a minimum at 2.5 AE 0.1 and more or less stabilized at this level until the end of the time course ( Fig. 1c; Table S2). The capacity for regulated nonphotochemical quenching (Y(NPQ)) increased slightly from 0.29 AE 0.02 to 0.35 AE 0.02 after 6 h under HL. Between 12 and 24 h, Y(NPQ) declined to its minimum observed (0.14 AE 0.07), before increasing and stabilizing at approximately the initial level (c. 0.28; Table S2). Nonregulated nonphotochemical quenching (Y(NO)) displayed opposite trends, with the highest levels (0.84 AE 0.08) being observed after 6 h under HL, before dropping and stabilizing at levels similar to initial LL values (c. 0.66; Fig. 1g; Table S2). The light utilization coefficient a decreased over time as a result of HL exposure: after 1 h of HL exposure, a decreased from 0.25 AE 0.04 to 0.16 AE 0.00 fmol e À per cell h À1 (µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) À1 , where it remained stable until a further gradual decrease from 6 h onwards, reaching lowest values of 0.05 AE 0.00 fmol e À per cell h À1 (µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) À1 after 72 h of HL exposure. Thereafter, a rose slightly, reaching 0.08 AE 0.02 fmol e À per cell h À1 (µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) À1 by the end of the time course ( Fig. 2a; Table S2). Electron transport rates at 380 µmol photons m À2 s À1 (ETR HL ) showed an initial drop during the first 15 min of HL exposure (from 23 AE 2 to 18 AE 1 fmol e À per cell h À1 ), but then increased back to initial levels after 6 h. In line with the response in a, ETR HL dropped more gradually between 6 and 72 h (to 11 AE 1 fmol e À per cell h À1 ) before rising to final levels of 19 AE 3 fmol e À per cell h À1 ( Fig. 2c; Table S2). The light acclimation index (E k ) increased from c. 100 µmol photons m À2 s À1 in LL-acclimated cells to c. 210 µmol photons m À2 s À1 after c. 48 h under HL ( Fig. 2e; Table S2). The cellular quotas of light harvesting pigments (Chla, fucoxanthin, Chlc 1 + 2) in T. hyalina did not change significantly in response to the HL exposure ( Fig. 3a; Table S2). However, when normalized to POC, a significant reduction of 50% in response to HL became evident (Tables S2, S3). The cumulative cellular quota of photoprotective pigments (DD + DT) was significantly elevated after 24 h of HL exposure, but decreased again to values similar to those found under LL by the end of the time course (24.8 AE 6.6 fg per cell; Fig. 3c; Table S2). T. hyalina's growth rates, POC and PON quotas, as well as POC production were significantly higher in response to HL (Tables S2, S3).
Numerous transcripts of conventional light-harvesting antennae, mostly of the fucoxanthin/chlorophyll-binding protein (FCP) type, were rapidly and transiently downregulated in response to HL (Fig. 4a,b), while antennae of the protective LI818 type were prominently upregulated (Fig. 4c,d). Also, numerous transcripts related to photosynthetic electron transfer, especially the oxygen-evolving complex and the reaction center protein M of PSII, as well as subunits of the cytochrome b 6 /f complex and ferredoxin-NADP + -reductase were transiently downregulated in response to HL exposure. Only a few transcripts (e.g. the D1 protein, the stabilizing psbW subunit of PSII, as well as ferredoxin) were upregulated (Fig. 4e,f). Several transcripts involved in Chl synthesis (Fig. 4g,h) were transiently downregulated due to HL exposure (e.g. coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase). Transcripts related to antioxidative protective mechanisms were prominently upregulated in response to HL exposure (Fig. 4i,j), especially of the glutathione system, such as glutaredoxin, glutathione dehydrogenase and a glutathione S-transferase-like protein. Also, several transcripts related to the ascorbate system (e.g. ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase) were significantly upregulated. One transcript related to vitamin E synthesis, tocopherol o-methyltransferase, was also upregulated. Few transcripts of carbon metabolism were upregulated, including two transcripts related to the synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (2-epi-5-epivaliolone synthase, Fig. 4k,l). Transcripts related to lipid metabolism, many of which were desaturases (i.e. enzymes that introduce double bonds into acyl-chains), experienced an ambiguous regulation at 2 h, but were concertedly upregulated at 24 h and reverted to near-baseline expression levels after 120 h (Fig. 4m,n).

HL responses in N. frigida
Nitzschia frigida responded faster and more strongly to HL exposure than T. hyalina, and did not achieve a successful acclimation to elevated light levels within the experiment. F v /F m declined from 0.53 AE 0.00 to 0.23 AE 0.03 (i.e. by c. 50%) after only 15 min of HL exposure and did not notably recover over the time course ( Fig. 1a; Table S2). r PSII decreased gradually from 4.0 to 2.2 nm 2 PSII À1 over 48 h of HL exposure. Thereafter, no further changes in r PSII were detectable ( Fig. 1c; Table S2). Also Y (NPQ) and Y(NO) showed rapid responses: after only 15 min of HL exposure, Y(NPQ) dropped immediately from 0.45 AE 0.08 to 0.06 AE 0.05 while Y(NO) increased from 0.54 AE 0.09 to 0.92 AE 0.05. With the exception of a small peak in Y(NPQ) and decline in Y(NO) at 24 h, there were no notable changes in these parameters for the rest of the time course (Fig. 1e,g; Table S2). a decreased steadily from 0.09 AE 0.02 fmol e À per cell h À1 (µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) À1 under LL to 0.01 AE 0.00 fmol e À per cell h À1 (µmol photons m À2 s À1 ) À1 at the end of the experiment ( Fig. 2a; Table S2). ETR HL did not significantly change upon HL exposure (Fig. 2c). E k reached a higher level compared to T. hyalina and increased from initially 56 AE 20 to c. 350 µmol photons m À2 s À1 (Fig. 2e; Table S2). HL exposure significantly decreased cellular quotas of light-harvesting pigments Chla, fucoxanthin, Chlc 1 + 2 and Chlc 3 ( Fig. 3b; Table S2). The cumulative quotas of the protective pigments DD + DT increased significantly after 24 h and beyond, resulting in almost five-fold higher DD + DT quotas in HL-acclimated cells compared to LL-acclimated cells (Fig. 3d). Growth rates of N. frigida were significantly lowered as a consequence of HL exposure, while POC and PON quotas as well as POC production remained at levels similar to those of LL-acclimated cells (Tables 2, S3).
In response to HL exposure, N. frigida also showed a patterned gene expression response, with transcripts being transiently up-or downregulated before returning to previous expression levels in the course of the experiment. Data revealed that N. frigida rapidly downregulated numerous transcripts of light-harvesting proteins of the FCP type (Fig. 4o,p). In contrast to T. hyalina, however, c. 30 putative FCP-related light-harvesting proteins were found strongly upregulated. Transcripts related to antennae of the protective LI818 type were prominently upregulated (Fig. 4q,r)  New Phytologist (2020) Ó 2020 The Authors New Phytologist Ó 2020 New Phytologist Trust www.newphytologist.com

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New Phytologist diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase) was detectable. As observed in T. hyalina, transcripts related to photosynthetic electron transfer, such as subunits of the oxygen-evolving complex at PSII and reaction center protein psbM, were downregulated, while the psbW and psbP proteins were upregulated (Fig. 4s,t). Transcripts related to the synthesis of chlorophylls were, as in T. hyalina, transiently downregulated and gene expression was re-established towards the end of the time course at a slightly higher level (Fig. 4u,v). In response to HL exposure, N. frigida slightly upregulated fewer and different transcripts related to oxidative stress detoxification than T. hyalina, in particular two transcripts related to Mn-and Cu/Zn-based superoxide dismutases as well as two transcripts related to vitamin E synthesis (tocopherol polyprenyltransferase-like protein) and membrane protection (probable phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase isoform X1; Fig. 4w,x). In contrast to T. hyalina, few transcripts related to the glutathione and ascorbate antioxidant systems were weakly regulated. As in T. hyalina, transcripts related to lipid metabolism were ambiguously regulated: several transcripts involved in lipogenesis (e.g. long-chain acyl-CoA Ó 2020 The Authors New Phytologist Ó 2020 New Phytologist Trust New Phytologist (2020) www.newphytologist.com synthetase or the acyl carrier protein) were downregulated, while other transcripts, especially those related to desaturases, were upregulated (e.g. precursor of omega-3 desaturase, a generic acyl desaturase, dihydroceramide delta-4 desaturase and delta 9 desaturase; Fig. 4€ a,€ o).   Table 2 Growth rates, cellular quotas of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC/PON) and POC production (n = 4; mean AE 1 SD), in addition to cell size (n = 30; mean AE SD) of Thalassiosira hyalina and Nitzschia frigida at low light (LL; 20 µmol photons m À1 s À1 ) and high hight (HL; 380 µmol photons m À1 s À1 ) under two pCO 2 levels (400 and 1000 µatm).   (Tables 2, S3). Interestingly, this changed under HL exposure, where differences in a, light-harvesting pigments and ETR HL disappeared and effects on other parameters were observed: F v /F m values decreased significantly under OA (Fig. 1a) while DD + DT quotas (Fig. 3c) increased significantly in cells acclimated to HL (Table S4). This translated into significantly lower growth rates under high pCO 2 (0.66 AE 0.14 d À1 ) compared to low pCO 2 (0.92 AE 0.10 d À1 ) for HL-acclimated cells (Tables 2,  S3). Nitzschia frigida responded differently to OA when grown under LL: F v /F m decreased significantly (Fig. 1a,b; Table S4), in line with slightly decreased POC production under high vs low pCO 2 (3.2 AE 0.3 vs 3.8 AE 0.2 pmol per cell d À1 ). At the same time, growth rates increased under OA and LL (Tables 2, S3). Under HL, the pCO 2 responses of N. frigida were more similar to those of T. hyalina, but led to steeper declines in growth and biomass production in the former.

Species
The gene expression changes in T. hyalina and N. frigida in response to pCO 2 alone were negligible, and no explicit regulation patterns could be identified in the genes of interest, except that on average, transcript abundance was slightly lower: for T. hyalina, the average gene expression under elevated pCO 2 was 0.933, that is the genes of interest experienced c. 7% downregulation under elevated pCO 2 (n = 1849, regarding all transcripts with average RPKM ≥ 35; Fig. 5a). Regarding only those genes that could be successfully attributed to physiological processes, the average expression under elevated pCO 2 was 0.905 (n = 998), reflecting a decrease in gene expression of c. 10%. Only a negligible 2.5% of classified genes experienced a ≥ 2-fold regulation. In N. frigida, the average expression under elevated pCO 2 was 0.972, that is genes experienced c. 3% downregulation under elevated pCO 2 (n = 1362, regarding all transcripts with average RPKM ≥ 35; Fig. 5b). Regarding only those genes that could be successfully attributed to physiological processes, the average regulation under elevated pCO 2 was 0.944 (n = 553), reflecting an average decrease in gene expression of only c. 5%. The proportion of classified genes that experienced a regulation ≥ 2-fold was was 9.6% higher than in T. hyalina, but again, the resulting expression patterns did not point towards specific CO 2 -sensitive processes.
However, regarding modulation of the HL responses by pCO 2 , the data indicated that in T. hyalina, those transcripts that were upregulated in response to HL stress generally experienced a stronger upregulation when cells were grown under high pCO 2 (Fig. 5c). When transcripts were downregulated in response to HL stress, this downregulation was on average less intense (i.e. dampened by elevated pCO 2 ; Fig. 5e). In N. frigida, this effect was even more apparent, where upregulations due to HL were on average up to c. 50-fold stronger under high pCO 2 , and downregulations were on average dampened to c. 90% of their intensity (Fig. 5d,f).

Discussion
Thalassiosira hyalina showed high resilience against HL stress Thalassiosira hyalina's response to HL underwent different phases, namely a short-term response (first 12 h), an intermediate recovery phase (24-72 h) and a re-acclimated state (> 72 h), as observed before for diatoms (Nymark et al., 2009). Such acclimation dynamics were also well reflected in the time-course of gene expression, in which most genes initially showed a strong excursion of expression values (up-or downregulation) and a reversion or re-establishment of a new expression level over the course of acclimation (Figs 4a-€ o, S1; Table S7).
In the short-term response phase, T. hyalina experienced a fluctuation in active PSIIs, as indicated by changes in F v /F m and r PSII (Fig. 1a,c). A transient initial increase in r PSII as observed here can occur when the number of active PSII drops faster (evident by the initial drop in F v /F m ) than the antenna content, and the remaining antenna serves fewer reaction centers, thus increasing r PSII of the remaining PSII (Wu et al., 2012). Also, an increased xanthophyll cycle-dependent NPQ (Y(NPQ)) was part of this typical diatom response to HL stress ( Fig. 1e; Brunet et al., 2011;Giovagnetti & Ruban, 2017) that was recognizable also on the transcriptomic level: cells rapidly decreased expression of conventional fucoxanthin-Chla/c-bearing proteins (FCPs; Fig. 4a,b) to reduce light harvesting. Concomitantly, cells induced FCP homologs of the LI818 clade (Fig. 4c,d), thereby leveraging photoprotection by NPQ (Zhu & Green, 2010;Nymark et al., 2013). As a result, active PSII started to recover, as indicated by stabilizing F v /F m levels after c. 3 h, and r PSII returned back to initial values (Fig. 1a,c). Beyond this, T. hyalina also decreased expression of core components of PSII and the cytochrome b 6 /f complex to maintain balanced photosynthetic electron transport despite higher excitation pressure. This ability to divert a higher fraction of excitons into harmless dissipation pathways and to accommodate the photosynthetic electron transfer chains was probably one reason for the increasing ETR HL between 1 and 6 h despite HL stress (Fig. 2c). The upregulation of the D1 protein (Fig. 4e,f) reflected the intense 'wear and tear' under HL conditions (Galindo et al., 2017): this protein is highly susceptible to oxidative damage, and its dysfunctional remnants act as inductors of its own gene expression (Tyystj€ arvi et al., 1996).
Thalassiosira hyalina's intermediate response to HL involved the typical alteration of pigment composition (Brunet et al., 2011). Significantly increased DD + DT quotas after 24 h of HL exposure supported that T. hyalina synthesized photoprotective pigments as a countermeasure against the substantial HL stress (Lavaud et al., 2004). Although the expression of enzymes involved in Chl synthesis was decreased at 2 h, recovered around 24 h and re-established at a higher level at 120 h (Fig. 4g,h), the measured cellular light-harvesting pigment quotas did not change significantly over the time course. When normalized to POC, however, a significant reduction in pigmentation was evident between LL-and HL-acclimated cells, which were consistent with an actual drop of light-harvesting capacity per PSII (i.e. r PSII , Fig. 1c). Remarkably, T. hyalina induced numerous genes related to the ascorbate and glutathione antioxidant systems under HL stress (Fig. 4i,j). These dissipate oxidative stress by detoxification of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), the main product of oxygen photoreduction and dismutation (Foyer & Noctor, 2011). The pronounced regulation of these transcripts indicates that these New Phytologist (2020) Ó 2020 The Authors New Phytologist Ó 2020 New Phytologist Trust www.newphytologist.com

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New Phytologist systems are the prime defenses against oxidative stress in T. hyalina. Furthermore, the increased expression of a transcript related to the synthesis of vitamin E, a membrane-situated antioxidant that synergistically cooperates with the ascorbate system (Buettner, 1993), indicates that the avoidance of lipid damage from H 2 O 2 is the second major strategy to cope with photophysiological stress. This is in line with the induction of multiple desaturases under HL, which increase the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in organellar lipid bilayers. Desaturation of lipids causes a higher membrane fluidity, which increases the membrane-mobility of vitamin E and eases the replacement of photosynthetic components (Los et al., 2013). Two of the most prominently upregulated transcripts under HL stress (> 350 foldchange throughout the dataset) map to a 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone synthase-like enzyme, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids. These aromatic molecules are found in all marine algae and protect cells from UV radiation and oxidative stress (Shick & Dunlap, 2002;Wada et al., 2015). These data indicate that T. hyalina cells reacted to HL exposure not only with decreased photon harvest and increased NPQ, but counteract oxidative stress with the concerted induction of effective antioxidant systems that are rooted at the 'heart of the cellular redox hub' (Foyer & Noctor, 2011). Furthermore, these findings corroborate that photosynthesis as a whole is a sensoryautoregulatory process (Pfannschmidt, 2003) and that redox-balance is its major regulator (Mittler, 2002;Stenbaek & Jensen, 2010). Despite the ability to cope well with photooxidative stress in the short term, several key variables reached minimal values during the course of the experiment between the 24 and 72 h time points (F v /F m , r PSII , Y(NPQ), a and ETR HL ; Figs 1, 2). Beyond 72 h, T. hyalina entered the re-acclimation phase in which the operability of the photosynthetic machinery recovered, and F v /F m , Y(NPQ), a and ETR HL increased, with E k having approached the HL intensity used in the experiments (Figs 1, 2). HL-acclimated cells also increased in size, in line with higher POC quotas compared to LL (Table 2), which appears to be a common response of many phytoplankton species towards high irradiances (Thompson et al., 1991). The increase in cell size also explains why cell-normalized light harvesting pigment quotas in HL were not lower than in LL, as would be expected after acclimation to higher irradiances. This became evident in the biomass-normalized pigment quotas, which decreased by more than 50% in response to HL. These adjustments of the photosynthetic machinery, as discussed above, facilitated highly effective photosynthesis in HL-acclimated T. hyalina cells, as indicated by significantly higher growth rate and almost four times higher POC production (Table 2).

Nitzschia frigida exhibited higher sensitivity towards light stress
The short-term responses of N. frigida in the first 12 h were clearly different from those of T. hyalina. While a 50% reduction in F v /F m of T. hyalina was observed after 12 h of HL exposure compared to the initial LL conditions, an equivalent reduction was evident after only 15 min under HL in N. frigida (Fig. 1a). Similarly, energy partitioning between Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) in N. frigida was also different and exhibited a more extreme shortterm response to HL compared to T. hyalina: within the first 15 min of HL exposure, Y(NPQ) dropped from 0.45 AE 0.08 to 0.06 AE 0.05 concomitantly with an increase of Y(NO) from 0.54 AE 0.09 to 0.92 AE 0.05 (Fig. 1e,g). Such light-dependent increases in Y(NO) have been observed earlier in other psychrophilic ('cold-living') species such as Antarctic Chlamydomonas raudensis strain UWO 241 (Szyszka et al., 2007) and the Arctic diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis (Lacour et al., 2019). This could indicate that psychrophilic species prefer xanthophyll cycle-independent energy dissipation Y(NO), such as PSII reaction center quenching, rather than light harvesting complex II xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation, Y(NPQ) (Ivanov et al., 2008). Under very low F v /F m (< 0.15) as seen is this study, however, the high values of Y(NO) more likely reflect the cells' inability to compensate for damage by excess illumination (Klughammer & Schreiber, 2008), which leads to increasing levels of deactived reaction centers. Moreover, N. frigida exhibited consistently decreasing r PSII from the start (Fig. 1c), without a transient peak, indicating a fundamental collapse of light-harvesting capacity per PSII, consistent with a drop in a (Fig. 2a) and the quotas of light-harvesting pigments (Fig. 3b). Like T. hyalina, N. frigida downregulated conventional FCPs (Fig. 4o, p) and upregulated photoprotective LI818 homologs (Fig. 4q,r). However, c. 30 conventional FCPs were upregulated, which probably hampered the cells' attempt to reduce photon harvest to the possible minimum. Also, N. frigida downregulated components of PSII to decrease overall electron harvest, but the downregulation of ferredoxin-NADP + -reductase (Fig. 4s,t), typically the terminal enzyme of photosynthetic light reactions, seemingly impaired electron drainage (Hartmann et al., 2014). This explains the constantly high turnover times of the electron transfer chain (s ES , Fig. S2). Unlike T. hyalina, N. frigida did not prominently induce the ascorbate-and glutathione-related antioxidant systems, but rather weakly upregulated comparably few transcripts of Mn-as well as Cu/Zn-based superoxide dismutases (Fig. 4w,x), which catalyze the conversion of superoxide radicals into H 2 O 2 . The different indicated metal cofactors suggest that the regulated enzymes have different organellar location, and because oxidative stress regulates gene expression of antioxidant systems (Mittler, 2002), N. frigida apparently experienced oxidative stress in all major cellular compartments. The increased expression of a tocopherol polyprenyltransferase-like protein and a probable phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (Fig. 4w,x) suggests that N. frigida also attempted to protect organellar membranes from oxidative stress and dangerous lipidperoxidizing chain reactions (Posp ı sil & Yamamoto, 2017). In line with this, N. frigida induced numerous desaturases (Fig. 4€ a,€ o). As in T. hyalina, these served to increase fluidity in lipid bilayers, assisting repair of enzymatic machinery, enhancing the scavenging of oxidative stress by membrane-situated antioxidants, and creating unsaturated lipids that act as quenchers of oxidative stress themselves (Richard et al., 2008;Los et al., 2013).
Throughout the experiment, N. frigida did not achieve a proper acclimation to HL, experiencing considerable stress and dysfunctional photosynthesis even after 120 h. By that time, the light-harvesting pigment quotas had halved under HL compared to LL, despite de novo synthesis of photoprotective pigments at 120 h (Fig. 3b,d). Nitzschia frigida did not show any recovery of the photosynthetic parameters F v /F m and Y(NPQ) while its Y(NO) remained high, indicating that photoacclimative efforts were insufficient (Figs 1, 2; Klughammer & Schreiber, 2008). As a consequence, growth rates were lowered and POC production could not profit from HL ( Table 2). The continuous electron input and concomitant oxidative stress might have contributed to the strong decreases in growth rate under HL. In conclusion, the combination of its high sensitivity to photodamage and the lacking capacity to detoxify oxidative stress seem to have prevented successful recovery and proper acclimation to HL in N. frigida. A clearly negative impact of high natural irradiances on sea ice algal communities has been documented previously (Juhl & Krembs, 2010;Leu et al., 2010;A. C. Kvernvik et al., unpublished). However, Juhl & Krembs (2010) estimated that the minimum acclimation time required by sea ice algae took 3-6 d, which was later confirmed by Alou-Font et al., (2013). Whether successful acclimation could be established on longer time scales than in our study (5 d) or more gradual increases in irradiance remains to be tested.
Although the striking differences between the photoacclimative capacities of T. hyalina and N. frigida were surprising, they could in part be attributed to morphological differences between the species (size and/or shape), that were chosen based on their ecological dominance in the respective habitats. Small pennate diatoms (e.g. N. frigida) have larger surface-to-volume quotients compared to larger centric diatoms (e.g. T. hyalina), the latter New Phytologist (2020) Ó 2020 The Authors New Phytologist Ó 2020 New Phytologist Trust www.newphytologist.com

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New Phytologist typically showing lower intrinsic susceptibility to photo-inactivation in response to short-term HL exposure (Key et al., 2010). This is hypothesized to be due to lower light-harvesting capacity per PSII and maximum metabolic rates compared to smaller cells (Lavaud et al., 2007;Key et al., 2010;Fig. 1c). Centric diatoms were also found to be able to outcompete pennate diatoms in situations with relatively high irradiances (thin snow cover and/or ice), which could indicate that centrics have a competitive advantage under higher light availability compared to pennates also within one habitat type (Melnikov et al., 2002;Campbell et al., 2018). In addition to their variation in size and shape, clear differences in photoacclimative capacity between T. hyalina and N. frigida may also be attributed to the habitats and ecological niches these two species are adapted to. Reported light transmittance through ice and snow layers is often very low (Leu et al., 2010;Assmy et al., 2017;Hancke et al., 2018), so that sympagic algae usually experience gradually changing irradiances with low amplitude as snow and ice melt (Hill et al., 2018). Vertical mixing of phytoplankton cells in open water, by contrast, causes fluctuating light intensities at short time scales and high amplitudes (MacIntyre et al., 2000). It can therefore be assumed that pelagic phytoplankton species (such as T. hyalina) have adapted to larger irradiance variability on short temporal scales, and are therefore better suited to deal with rapid increases in light than sympagic species (e.g. Behrenfeld et al., 1998).

Light responses were modulated by ocean acidification
In T. hyalina cultures grown under LL, OA appeared to be neutral to moderately beneficial. Light utilization increased, as evident by higher a and light-harvesting pigments, which translated into higher ETR HL and slightly higher POC production in cells grown under OA conditions (Figs 2, 3). Increasing seawater pCO 2 levels may increase diffusive carbon uptake and thus lower the energy and resource requirements for CCM operations, which could allow for increased rates of photosynthesis (Raven et al., 2011;Bach & Taucher, 2019). Under HL, however, a significant reduction in growth rates was observed in response to high pCO 2 , while beneficial effects on photophysiology disappeared (Table 2; Fig. 2). Together with a significant increase in quotas of xanthophyll cycle pigments and a decrease in F v /F m (Figs 2, 3), this indicates higher susceptibility towards HL stress under OA, a negative synergistic interaction that has been observed in several instances before (Gao et al., 2012;McCarthy et al., 2012;Hoppe et al., 2015Hoppe et al., , 2017. The oxidative stress derived from HL exposure and the concomitant increase of [CO 2 ] and/or H + levels seems to impair overall cellular homeostasis, making it more difficult for cells to maintain or adjust redox balance (Rokitta et al., 2012;Bach et al., 2013). Thus, it may be interpreted that the generally wide CO 2 niche of T. hyalina becomes slightly narrower under HL.
Contrary to T. hyalina, N. frigida seemed to be more negatively affected by OA irrespective of the irradiance level: cells grown under high pCO 2 showed lower F v /F m and a, which translated into lower POC production under OA irrespective of light level (Figs 1, 2a,b; Table 2). Regarding growth rates, OA caused beneficial effects under LL but detrimental effects under HL (Table 2). Despite the fact that growth rate and POC production seem to be affected differently (i.e. have differently shaped reaction norms), this indicates a narrower CO 2 niche of N. frigida compared to T. hyalina, which is constricted even further by HL. It seems plausible that in N. frigida cells, low pH caused distorted ion homeostasis and signaling (Rokitta et al., 2012), which might have additionally hampered re-acclimation. The effects of rising CO 2 and H + levels thus seem to be species-specific, which may be due to different tipping points between positive effects of increased CO 2 , and negative effects of enhanced H + levels (Li et al., 2019). Similar to the responses to HL, differently sized cells have been hypothesized to have different responses to rising pCO 2 levels (e.g. Bach & Taucher, 2019). Wu et al. (2014) demonstrated a positive relationship between cell volume and the magnitude of CO 2 fertilization on diatom growth rates, presumably due to higher restriction by diffusion gradients. This agrees well with our observation that T. hyalina with its lower surfaceto-volume quotient benefits more from OA compared to N. frigida, especially under LL conditions.
The effects of OA on the gene expression patterns of both species were ambiguous with respect to biochemical pathways and cellular functions, which is in line with an absence of concrete pCO 2 effects in pelagic assemblages from diverse Arctic habitats . More importantly, the changes of gene expression induced by elevated pCO 2 were so small that an evaluation was pointless: given the applied experimental set-up, replication and sequencing depth, it would require changes > 2fold to make any reliable statements (Conesa et al., 2016), which was the case for only 2.5% or 9.6% of the data of T. hyalina or N. frigida, respectively (Fig. 5a,b). Thus, it can only be said that high pCO 2 seemingly lowered the 'on average' expression of light-stress-relevant transcripts across the dataset, an effect that appears to be stronger in T. hyalina (on average 10% lower expression under high pCO 2 ) than in N. frigida (on average 5% lower expression under high pCO 2 ).
The pCO 2 modulation of transcriptomic HL responses was similarly ambiguous. In both species, elevated pCO 2 modulated the HL responses to be on average stronger for upregulated genes and weaker for downregulated genes (Fig. 5c-f). This especially holds true for the majority of the upregulated photoprotective antennae of the LI818 type, the transcripts related to mycosporine-like amino acid synthesis, as well as for the downregulated FCP-like light-harvesting antennae, which explains why the photoprotective responses (e.g. Y(NPQ) of N. frigida and photoprotective pigment quotas of T. hyalina) under HL and OA are more pronounced. With concrete transcriptomic effects being absent, it seems likely that OA modulation of HL responses manifests through secondary effects on the cells, possibly by altering the in vivo substrate availabilities and chemical conditions within or between organelles, or by affecting physiological signals such as membrane potentials or redox equilibria (Rokitta et al., 2012). Thus, despite the species' different capacities to cope with HL stress, OA seems to impose an additional stress that requires more intense regulatory efforts. While this phenomenon did not change the overall picture gained from the Ó 2020 The Authors New Phytologist Ó 2020 New Phytologist Trust New Phytologist (2020) www.newphytologist.com two physiologically and evolutionarily distinct microalgae used here, future environmental change, especially the combination of HL stress and OA, is likely to negatively affect the ecological performance of microalgae and restrict habitat occupation and niche partitioning in the Arctic.

Conclusion
Thalassiosira hyalina, with its robust light-harvesting apparatus and efficient antioxidant systems, handled photophysiological stress well and acclimated rapidly to higher irradiances, leading to increased growth rates and organic carbon quotas under HL conditions. In N. frigida, by contrast, photochemical damage and oxidative stress appeared to overpower cellular defenses, causing dysfunctional photophysiology and reduced fitness with decreased photosynthetic yields and growth rates. OA increased these sensitivities to HL stress in both species, highlighting the importance of studying interacting environmental variables together. Despite the overarching nature of these interactions, we found substantial differences in sensitivity between pelagic and sympagic diatoms, which could significantly alter their relative contribution to biomass and annual primary production in a future Arctic. Thalassiosira hyalina will probably continue to be a major primary producer in the pelagic realm, which is furthermore becoming more prevalent (Stroeve & Notz, 2018). Due to the increasing importance of ephemeral, that is melting and reforming sea ice (Onarheim et al., 2018), environmental dynamics encountered by sympagic algae may become more similar to what pelagic organisms experience. Our results indicate a decrease in fitness of important pennate sea-ice algae in response to climate change, potentially altering colonization and productivity in Arctic sea ice with negative effects on downstream food webs. Their differential sensitivity towards climate change needs to be incorporated into scenarios of future Arctic algae blooms, including implications for the ecosystem.
Methods S1 Detailed notes on materials and methods for differential gene expression analyses.
Notes S1 Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) and CD-hit analyses of Thalassiosira hyalina and Nitzschia frigida.
Table S1 Details on FRRf assay settings applied in this study.

Table S2
Statistical results from repeated measures (RM) ANOVA on the temporal development of photophysiological parameters and pigment quotas after low-to high light switch.

Table S4
Statistical results from two-way ANOVA with post hoc tests (Holm-Sidak) comparing the effect of pCO2 levels on low light (LL) and high light (HL) acclimated cells.

Table S5
Experiment metadata, including sample list as well as descriptive statistics regarding sequencing and post-processing.

Table S6
List of de novo assembled transcripts obtained for the two species.

Table S7
Excel sheet containing expression data, results of statistical significance tests, BLAST annotations as well as functional classification of the reduced set of genes of interest.